Although Columbus regained his freedom and made a fourth and final voyage to the New World, he had lost his governorship and much of his prestige.

Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer.

After additional damage from the storm and is unable to continue the trip, Christopher decided to stay in Jamaica, where he remained stranded for about one year. The island's governor, Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres, detested Columbus and obstructed all efforts to rescue him and his men. [5] In May 1489, the queen sent him another 10,000 maravedis, and the same year the monarchs furnished him with a letter ordering all cities and towns under their domain to provide him food and lodging at no cost. [44] According to Samuel Eliot Morison, San Salvador Island[j] is the only island fitting the position indicated by Columbus's journal. [citation needed] Columbus was physically and mentally exhausted; his body was wracked by arthritis and his eyes by ophthalmia. Mountains and hills, plains and pastures, are both fertile and beautiful ... the harbors are unbelievably good and there are many wide rivers of which the majority contain gold. [96][ag] He then sailed to the islands of Chacachacare and Margarita (reaching the latter on 14 August),[98] and sighted Tobago (which he named "Bella Forma") and Grenada (which he named "Concepción"). By about 1481, Florentine cosmographer Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli sent Columbus a map depicting such a route. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, Biography of Christopher Columbus, Italian Explorer, The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus, The First New World Voyage of Christopher Columbus (1492). Columbus’s sovereigns had lost much of their confidence in him, and there is much to suggest that pity mingled with hope in their support. Before leaving for his fourth voyage, Columbus wrote a letter to the Governors of the Bank of Saint George, Genoa, dated at Seville, 2 April 1502. [10] He had the right to nominate three people, from whom the sovereigns would choose one, for any office in the new lands. He emphasized the potential riches of the land and that the natives seemed ready to convert to Christianity. in. [88] The men sighted the land of Trinidad on 31 July, approaching from the southeast. [68], The stated purpose of the second voyage was to convert the indigenous Americans to Christianity. Astoundingly, both the Niña and the Pinta had been spared.

The governor, Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres, detested Columbus and obstructed all efforts to rescue him and his men.

The family had some success in their first litigation, as a judgment of 1511 confirmed Diego's position as Viceroy, but reduced his powers. He did so by correctly predicting a lunar eclipse for February 29, 1504, using the Ephemeris of the German astronomer Regiomontanus.[135][136]. [13], A popular misconception that Columbus had difficulty obtaining support for his plan because Europeans thought the Earth was flat can be traced back to a 17th-century campaign of Protestants against Catholicism,[14] and was popularized in works such as Washington Irving's 1828 biography of Columbus. Bobadilla's 48-page report, derived from the testimonies of 23 people who had seen or heard about the treatment meted out by Columbus and his brothers—had originally been lost for centuries, but was rediscovered in 2005 in the Spanish archives in, Ferdinand Columbus later wrote, "I always saw those irons in his bedroom, which he demanded be buried with his bones.".

[86] Columbus led his fleet to the Portuguese island of Porto Santo, his wife's native land. Diego Álvarez Chanca recounts that on this island, the Europeans rescued some women from a group of at least 20 that the local Caribs had been keeping as sex slaves. He then sailed to Madeira and spent some time there with the Portuguese captain João Gonçalves da Camara, before sailing to the Canary Islands and Cape Verde.

His illnesses were worsening, and the hostility to his rule in Hispaniola was unabated. On 10 May he sighted the Cayman Islands, naming them "Las Tortugas" after the numerous sea turtles there. According to a 1504 letter purportedly by Vespucci, he first voyaged to the Americas in 1497. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorison1942 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPhillips_JrPhillips1993 (, Sivin, Nathan (1984). (. [11] In response to this, by the 1480s, Christopher and his brother Bartholomew had developed a plan to travel to the Indies (then construed roughly as all of southern and eastern Asia) by sailing directly west across what was believed to be the singular "Ocean Sea," the Atlantic Ocean. In October 1499, he sent two ships to Spain, asking the Court of Castile to appoint a royal commissioner to help him govern. At 51, Columbus was increasingly being viewed as an eccentric by the members of the royal court, perhaps due to his belief that when Spain united the world under Christianity (which they would quickly accomplish with gold and wealth from the New World) that the world would end. The ships could not make the distance and had to be beached on the coast of Jamaica. For the Catholic monarchies of Spain and Portugal, a division of influence of the land discovered by Columbus became necessary to avoid conflict.

This breakthrough inaugurated the period known as the Age of Discovery, which saw the colonization of the Americas, a related biological exchange, and trans-Atlantic trade. The wind not only prevented our progress, but offered no opportunity to run behind any headland for shelter; hence we were forced to keep out in this bloody ocean, seething like a pot on a hot fire.

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